Human Physical Appearance and Women free essay sample

Throughout these moments in time, the term beauty has slipped out of control and become something utterly dissimilar. The significance of beauty has developed into something so unappealing, so unpleasant, so repugnant, that even now society is coming to the apprehension that the way they are portraying the description of beauty is erroneous. Over time, ‘beauty’ has evolved to something rather peripheral. Being beautiful is turning into an undesirable act, that most girls will go into extremes, just to get a sense of feeling ‘beautiful. ’ Although beauty is now considered something by which your looks will define, during Greek times â€Å"beauty was a virtue: a kind of excellence. Person’s then were assumed to be what we now have to call – lamely, enviously – whole persons. If it did occur to the Greeks to distinguish between a person’s â€Å"inside† and â€Å"outside†, they expected that inner beauty would be matched by beauty of the other kind† (313, Sontag). We will write a custom essay sample on Human Physical Appearance and Women or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, there was once a time where beauty was interpreted or described as something internal, unlike now, beauty goes more towards the looks. â€Å"Beautiful† people have lots going on for them. They are more confident, make more money, and get promoted faster than their â€Å"less attractive† colleagues. But for the career – driven women, beauty is a no-win situation; the public wants you to be attractive, but, at the same time, not so beautiful that it is off-putting. People might say that looks shouldn’t matter, but in the real world, they do. Women try so hard to look their best, and at the same time, feel their best. Women struggle a lot in trying to â€Å"fit in† to what society sees as being beautiful. Women nowadays alter their body parts, faces, and their diets in order to feel satisfied with themselves. A universal obsession that girls have been approaching with is that that they must be required to look a certain way to be thought of as pretty. Girls look up to celebrities and models and see how skinny, scrawny, almost skeletal, and undernourished they are and they get this idea that they must look like that in order to be noticed. A widespread trend that has been going around has been that of the name anorexia and bulimia. Starving yourself, or eating excessively and then purging – girls see it as something they must do in order to feel good about themselves. They glimpse these famous figures with their collarbones showing, thigh gaps, small waists, and they get this state of mind that they must achieve that to feel beautiful. Society and mass media are barraging women with images that portray what is considered to be the ideal body. Such standards of beauty are almost completely unattainable for most women; a majority of the models displayed on television and in advertisements are well below what is considered healthy body weight. Mass medias use of such unrealistic models sends an implicit message that in order for a woman to be considered beautiful, she must be unhealthy. And this is what beauty is defined as in our time. Body image is a complicated aspect of the self-concept that concerns an individuals perceptions and feelings about their body and physical appearance. Females of all ages seem to be so vulnerable in this area, starting off in their pre-teen years, going along throughout their existence. Body dissatisfaction is something that goes through most women or young girls at some point in their lives. Females have been found to experience dissatisfaction with physical appearance at a much higher rate than males, and women of all ages and sizes display body image disturbance. Concern over weight and appearance related issues often surfaces in a woman’s early life. Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating patterns have been found to be an especially prevalent issue in adolescent and college females. Body image becomes a major issue as females go through puberty; girls in mid-adolescence frequently report being dissatisfied with weight, fearing further weight gain, and being preoccupied with weight loss. This is a problem that we are now facing, and because of this many girls are suffering and going through difficult times, juts to feel good about themselves. The 20th century has seen a huge upsurge in the importance placed by Western society on physical beauty, particularly for women. The fashion, cosmetics and plastic surgery industries have thrived on 20th century preoccupation with physical appearance. It is a preoccupation that affects women in every sphere, whether they choose to pander to it or not. Definitions of beauty in the 20th century, when referring to human physical  beauty, are nearly always constructed in terms of outward appearance and sexual attractiveness. Images in the media today project an unrealistic and even dangerous standard of feminine beauty that can have a powerful influence on the way women view themselves. From the perspective of the mass media, thinness is idealized and expected for women to be considered attractive. Images in advertisements, television, and music usually portray the ideal woman as tall, white, and thin, with a tubular body, and blonde hair. This representation that is being portrayed has been a vast difficulty that girls are coming across of. They don’t feel beautiful, thus altering their ways of eating and the way they look very drastically in order to fit in. Only a very small percentage of women in Western countries meet the criteria the media uses to define beautiful; yet so many women are repeatedly exposed to media images that send the message that a woman is not acceptable and attractive if she does not match societys ultra-thin standard of beauty. In recent years, womens body sizes have grown larger, while societal standards of body shape have become much thinner. This discrepancy has made it increasingly difficult for most women to achieve the current sociocultural ideal. Such a standard of perfection is unrealistic and even dangerous. Many of the models shown on television, advertisements, and in other forms of popular media are approximately 20% below ideal body weight, thus meeting the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa. Research has repeatedly shown that constant exposure to thin models fosters body image concerns and disordered eating in many females. Almost all forms of the media contain unrealistic images, and the negative effects of such idealistic portrayals have been demonstrated in numerous studies. The mass medias depiction of women portrays a standard of beauty that is unrealistic and unattainable for a majority of women in society. Models shown in all forms of popular media are often under what is considered healthy body weight, which sends a powerful message that women must sacrifice their health to be considered attractive by societal standards. The negative effects of ultra-thin media images of women have been well documented; research has shown that females who are repeatedly exposed to and internalize the thin ideal are at greater risk to develop body image disturbance and eating pathology. Although it is clear that the media influences the way women view themselves, it is unclear how this process takes place. The social comparison theory, cultivation theory, and self-schema theory can be used to examine how media images of women come to affect the way women feel about their bodies and physical appearance. These perspectives also give some explanation for why some women show resilience to the negative effects of the media, while others are dramatically impacted. Nevertheless, beauty has become something rather disturbing and unwell. The image of beauty has been portrayed onto something so popularized that mostly all women around the world are being affected by it. Women are changing their ways and changing themselves to feel as if they fit in to what society expects of it. Beauty is still evolving, and is changing throughout the time, not for the better but for the worst.

Free Essays on Charles Ponzi

The Life and Times of Charles Ponzi Charles Ponzi was one of the greatest con artist to ever come to the United States. He arrived on a boat that came from Italy. The majority of people don’t exactly know who Charles Ponzi was but they surely have heard of the â€Å"Ponzi Plan†, and even those who haven’t heard of that know about its modern version, the â€Å"make money fast† schemes that were popular at one time on the internet before they were replaced by better scams (Goebel). He was a notorious liar, so nobody knows for sure how is life really went. He was born in Parma, Italy, in 1882, and immigrated to the United States in 1903. He would later claim that he had been a student at a university in Italy and decided to immigrate when he ran out of money. Other people say that he was constantly in trouble and his family kicked him out by shipping him across the Atlantic (Goebel). When he arrived in the U.S he had big ambitions. He stood only 5 feet and 2 inches, but had an incredible amount of self -confidence, and from what I’ve read; he had the line of talk that could sell bubble gum at a lockjaw ward. The only problem was that he was too cocky. His ambitions were larger than his actual talent. He had some money on the voyage over here, but due to his excessive greed, he lost it all in a few card games on the boat (Goebel). He was still undiscouraged. He learned how to speak English, and got a job as a dishwasher in a restaurant. He was going to do whatever it took to get some cash. Eventually he worked his way up to waiter. But once again, his greed got him in trouble and he was fired from the restaurant. This didn’t really faze Ponzi much. In 1907, he moved to Montreal, Canada, and became an assistant teller in a bank. Among his talents, was his talent with numbers and he found out that the bank was in some financial troubles because of bad real-estate loans. He schemed to take over the bank, but was caught forging ... Free Essays on Charles Ponzi Free Essays on Charles Ponzi The Life and Times of Charles Ponzi Charles Ponzi was one of the greatest con artist to ever come to the United States. He arrived on a boat that came from Italy. The majority of people don’t exactly know who Charles Ponzi was but they surely have heard of the â€Å"Ponzi Plan†, and even those who haven’t heard of that know about its modern version, the â€Å"make money fast† schemes that were popular at one time on the internet before they were replaced by better scams (Goebel). He was a notorious liar, so nobody knows for sure how is life really went. He was born in Parma, Italy, in 1882, and immigrated to the United States in 1903. He would later claim that he had been a student at a university in Italy and decided to immigrate when he ran out of money. Other people say that he was constantly in trouble and his family kicked him out by shipping him across the Atlantic (Goebel). When he arrived in the U.S he had big ambitions. He stood only 5 feet and 2 inches, but had an incredible amount of self -confidence, and from what I’ve read; he had the line of talk that could sell bubble gum at a lockjaw ward. The only problem was that he was too cocky. His ambitions were larger than his actual talent. He had some money on the voyage over here, but due to his excessive greed, he lost it all in a few card games on the boat (Goebel). He was still undiscouraged. He learned how to speak English, and got a job as a dishwasher in a restaurant. He was going to do whatever it took to get some cash. Eventually he worked his way up to waiter. But once again, his greed got him in trouble and he was fired from the restaurant. This didn’t really faze Ponzi much. In 1907, he moved to Montreal, Canada, and became an assistant teller in a bank. Among his talents, was his talent with numbers and he found out that the bank was in some financial troubles because of bad real-estate loans. He schemed to take over the bank, but was caught forging ...

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Operation Management - Essay Example Hence the current paper explains the operational scenario of Online DVD rental business with the special concentration of recently entered brand - EASY DVD group. The one of the chain entrepreneur’s brainchild Easycinema has launched its Online DVD rentals from March 20005. The recently emerged branded product has come out with the many features to unleash the market, where the earlier giants have left. As the competitors of the online DVD rental industry are in price war with highest credits, the Easy group has come up with the best features in DVD listings, facility and logistics. Keeping the complete entertainment in the motto of the vision in setting up the DVD rental business, the easy group follows the rest of the players with no late fee for the returns. However the mind-boggling situation for any strategist of such logistics is the time frame. Customers anticipate for the quickest delivery of the DVD, soon after they click on the button, according to their schedule. This supply at anticipated time makes to concentrate much on the product delivery logistics. Supply Chain Management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all Logistics Management activities. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third-party service providers, and customers. In essence, Supply Chain Management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Logistics Management is an integrating function, which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities, as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions including marketing, sales manufacturing, finance and information technology." But there are some boundaries and relationships of Logistics Management adopted by the Council of Logistics Management; "Logistics Management activities typically

A Critical Analysis of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Essay

A Critical Analysis of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) - Essay Example There are seven main parts that are covered at this stage. They include the social and emotional development. This allows the children to recognize who they are as well as respecting other people in the society. At the same time, the children learn how to perform certain activities such as dressing. Communication and problem solving are other important areas of learning at this stage (Silberfeld 2009, p.67). The children begin developing the confidence needed when communicating. At the same time, they learn how to solve problem through games and listening and answering questions from stories. The curriculum also ensures that children understand the world they live in and development physically and creatively. They understand the world around them through use of different materials and tools to create their surroundings. The EYFS is used as a platform that prepares children for what they will become in future (Beckley 2009, p.98). The knowledge and the kind of preparation at this stag e dictate how the children will respond to learning in future. The environment in which the children are raised is imperative. It determines whether such children become intelligent or not. While certain settings foster intelligence, others do not (Carr 2005, p.65). it is imperative for teachers to know that children at this stage learn more from observation and what they hear. The children believe the information passed to them. They are not able to criticise like their counterparts in late childhood (Callaway 2005, p.67). For that reason, accurate information is vital at this state. This includes the information on chats, which the pupils are expected to read. It is difficult to undo what the children have already recorded in their mind. The curriculum is the most important tool in ensuring that the children acquire the best learning while still in their early stages (Glazzard et al. 2010, p.98). However, one of the most striking feature is the fact that play becomes an integral p art of learning (Edwards 2001, p.38). Children understand better, when concepts are addressed through play. It has been effective in ensuring that children develop both physically, cognitively and socially (Glenda 2003, p.98). Through play for instance, most children are able to discover their potential. This is especially when such children are involved in activities that involve role-play. It is therefore imperative that the curriculum involve all kinds of play to ensure that the children concentrate and get the best out of learning (Goffin 2011, p.78). The following discussion will focus on the role of curriculum in promoting learn as well as how play promotes learning. The environment where the children are exposed is supposed to be safe and free from any materials that would cause any harm. It is the responsibility of the school management to ensure that the structures are well constructed and are safe to be used by the children (. The classroom for instance should have enough space where the children are allowed to play and interact. With the current need for inclusion, I it is also vital that the designs of such classes make it possible for children with disabilities to learn. They ought to be made part of the class and benefit just like any other child. In addition to that, the current classes may have children from different cultural backgrounds. The teacher has a responsibility of ensuring that such students benefit from this kind of setting. To help understand the above themes, I visited a primary school in New Ham East London. It was a class that had the children at the age of between 3 and 4. The class had a total of 25 pupils with one main teacher. The class has children from dif

Shutter Island Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Shutter Island - Movie Review Example Firstly, director Scorsese intertwines war-induced mental trauma of Teddy Daniels with personal tragedy of Andrew Laeddis. This compounds the confusion for the audience, but also adds a political dimension to what is an exposition on psychiatric illness. Toward the end of the film it is unveiled how the whole of the Shutter Island is a set up to play along the illusions of Andrew Laeddis. So, when we construct the film from backwards, it is obvious that Laeddis is the only ‘patient’ there is. The mysterious disappearance of Rachel Solando is a ploy designed to put Laeddis in situations of acute emotional tension, with the aim of correcting his aberrations. Perhaps, even all the ‘inmates’ of the wards A, B and C were part of the ploy, or perhaps not as mentally ill as is conveyed to Laeddis/Daniels. As the story unfolds, we see how only a porous line separates the dreams and realities of Laeddis. At first, Laeddis, in his persona of Teddy Daniels, is given a warm welcome by the hospital staff and their chief Dr. Cawley. But soon he becomes â€Å"increasingly suspicious of the doctor and his staff, and when he begins experiencing fierce migraines and vivid visions of tragedies in his own past, he begins to fear that he has become Cawley’s latest experiment.† (Thomson, 2010) For nurses and therapists, one of the questions at the center of the film is the debate in the choice of lobotomy and drug therapy. During the 1950s when the film is being set, this was a dominant debating point in psychiatrist circles. Even Dr. John Cawley talks about this debate and his preference for non-interventionist methods. He suggests that he would first try humanitarian methods of talk-therapy, failing which the patient would be tried drug-therapy. It is only as a last resort that surgical procedure would be prescribed. This is a very sensible position to take, for today’s psychiatry suffers from ready resort to medication,

The Multi Store Model And The Reconstructive Model Psychology Essay

The Multi Store Model And The Reconstructive Model Psychology Essay In this essay there are two memory models what are compared. The memory models are the Multi Store Model and the Reconstructive Model. It shows how the models work, some studies which have been done experimenting the model, advantages and disadvantages to the models. The multi store model is a theory by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They say that memory uses a number of different processes and that there is actually more than one kind of memory store. There is three parts to the multi store model: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory. The process starts at sensory memory where you use your senses: Sight, smell, hearing, touch and taste to receive and store information. The information here doesnt last very long from milliseconds to two seconds, just long enough for it to transfer to short term memory. To get to short term memory you use the process, encoding. Encoding means taking the information and making a memory trace. There are three types of encoding: Acoustic, visual and semantic. Acoustic is repeating the topic; you would say or sing the words in your head. Visual is where you would try to see the topic in your head and try to picture it. Semantic encoding is what it means to you e.g. a favourite birthday present, someth ing that has a personal meaning. If the information is not attended to from sensory memory to short term memory this can be lost. The information that has been attended to then rehearsed will go to store in long term memory. (AS Level Psychology) Peterson and Peterson (1959) did a study that supported the multi store model for the duration of short term memory; they named the study Trigram Retention Experiment also known as TRE. The study was highly controlled and the people all started on the same base level. Their aim of the study was to see what the duration of short term memory would be if you did no rehearsal. When they tested this, the people who partook in the trigram, were read three letters. These three constanants were randomly picked and had no meaning e.g. CWT. immediately after been given this the people had to count backwards in threes starting with a very large three digit number. This was called the distractor task they had to do it for a specified time and it was designed so that you could not rehearse the TRE. The time period was called The retention interval and this varied from 3 seconds to 18 seconds. Then when told, the people had to recall the trigram. The letters had to be said exactly the same. They f ound that nearly all the people who recalled after a three second retention interval were successful. Then when they did it at 18 seconds, only very few people could recall the TRE. Doing this study found out that without rehearsing things the duration of short term memory is very short. So this shows that without rehearsal memory is very limited. There were criticisms to this theory though, it was said that the distractor task did prevent rehearsal, but it also meant that the people were doing an additional processing task so this may have affected their recall scores. (Essential AS Psychology for AQA, Richard Gross and Geoff Rolls) Shallice and Warrington (1970) also did a study which supported the multi store model they reported a case where someone had, had a motorbike accident. This resulted in him now having extremely poor short term memory. However his short term memory what he couldnt remember was only for verbal information. His visual and acoustic was normal. This suggests there is more than one type of short term memory, not incorporated in the multi store model. He could only remember one or two digits. Yet his long term memory after the accident was normal. This is in support with the multi store model, because it provides evidence to show that short term memory and long term memory stores are separate. The reconstructive model of memory was a theory by Bartlett (1932). He said that memory is unlike a camera, that its not accurate and the interpretations are based on each persons memories and previous experiences. (Essential Psychology). People tend to be selective about what bit of event they remember. This can be a problem though when needing an accurate recall. Schemas are a major part in reconstructive memory. Schemas are our own ready made expectation of a scenario. They fill the gaps in our own knowledge. Schemas can lead to memory distortions when information doesnt already fit in to the existing schemas we have. There is also a lot of influence to memory from stereo-typing and cultural expectations. (Essential AS Psychology). The eye witness testimony also known as EWT is for criminal incidents that people have seen. Eye witness testimony may not always be accurate; it can be influences by a lot of different things like anxiety, age and even leading questions. If you were to witness a crime it would make you anxious. There are advantages to knowing that the eye witness testimony is not always accurate, this warns us and helps us to know we do have to treat with care. Bartlett (1932) did a study on the reconstructive memory called War of the Ghosts. He did this study to investigate the effect of previous experiences and expectations have on memory recall. A group of people were shown a drawing or a short story, which was the war of the ghosts, to look and read through. The group of people then had to reproduce the story or drawing after different time periods. The time periods ranged from fifteen minutes to years later, this was called a repeated reproduction technique. Over time they found that the group of people produced shorter more clear and carefully thought out versions, more ordinary. They had made the story sound more normal e.g. instead of using the word canoes they used the word boats. They only recalled the basic storyline. In conclusion to this study they found that an explanation or opinion plays a major role in remembering. An active process of reconstruction is remembering, Bartlett called this the effort after meaning, that is mak ing the past more ordinary and normal so that it fits in to our existing knowledge or schemas. This study in psychology is regarded as a classic. Although there are criticisms to this study, It was said that it was a poorly controlled study that Bartlett may have been biased in the interpretations of the different stories. There was also another argument saying the story was very different and unusual. There have been other studies which have done real life everyday memories, which over time were successful. The study was by Wynn and Logie (1998). There is also the study of the unreliability of the eye witness testimony which was done by Loftus and Palmer (1974). They studied smash/ contacted car speed study. The aim of this study was to investigate an immediate recall from the effect of language the group of people use after being asked leading questions. The group of people were shown some slides of an accident which involved two cars. The group were split into two groups, by asking some about how fast were the cars going when they smashed in to each other? for the other set of people they were asked the same but instead of using the word smashed they said hit, bumped and contacted. From doing this study they found that from using different words peoples opinions of the speed were very different. The difference of using the word smashed was higher than the ones who were asked bumped, hit and contacted. So this proves there is an effect when using leading questions. The reconstructive model does provide us with a good explanation of everyday memory. But that we dont have perfect memories. There are disadvantages to the reconstructive memory model there is no information on how we can improve our memory. Also it is more opinion based, because this model of memory assumes that memories are so complicated. Some predictions cannot be made, so we cannot predict what information will be and wont be remembered, as we dont know what a persons schemas are. In conclusion to this, Atkinson and Schiffrins model of the multi store model is one of the best known models of memory, but this doesnt necessarily mean its the best theory. Its a very simple and straight forward theory, but in some ways its too simplistic. It shows that rehearsal doesnt always work, and that you cannot rehearse smells and sights. The reconstructive model is more reliable as its based more on everyday life. It explains that the eye witness testimony is not always accurate and not to fully trust it as much. It also states that we dont have perfect memories. The reconstructive model also helps us to understand how our previous knowledge effects our interpretations of memory.

Plastic Surgery Essay -- Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery

Have you ever considered having plastic surgery? After reading this paper you might want the surgery or you might not. Plastic surgery, a form of art, can reconstruct your body and renew your confidence but can you accept the risks involved?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plastic surgery ranges from one- thousand dollars to three- thousand dollars or more depending on the surgery (Body fat reduction: Suction-Assisted Lipectomy). There are plenty types of plastic surgery. One type is called liposuction. The best candidates for liposuction are of relatively normal weight with pockets of excess fat in particular areas. They should be physically healthy, psychologically stable, and realistic in your expectations. An important thing is to have firm and elastic skin. â€Å"Loose, drooping skin won’t reshape to your body’s new contours, and may require an additional procedure to surgically remove the excess skin. It will leave visible scars'; (Liposuction).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before you decide to go through liposuction try diets and weight loss programs. If you can’t loose a certain buldge then liposuction is a good alternative (Thigh Liposculpture). Liposuction is started by making a small incision, (about half an inch or less), in the skin, often in or near the buttock crease or a previous scar. The small suction rod, called a cannula, is inserted and connected to a vacuum source with a suction tube. The vacuum sucks the fat out and leaves everything else intact (Thigh Liposculpture). Usually the surgery takes about an hour or two, but the time required may vary considerably from thirty minutes to several hours, depending on the amount of work your having done. â€Å"If your procedure is not too extensive – that is, if no more than one and a half pints of fat and fluid will be removed – liposuction can be performed under local anesthesia, which numbs the area, combined with a sedative to make you drowsy'; (Lipos uction).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A benefit of having liposuction done is that fat is removed and gone forever. It can offer a new shape for people who thought it was impossible. â€Å"Liposuction will not, however, prevent you from gaining weight in the future, and will not keep you fit and in shape. In order to assume good skin contour, you must be conscientious about wearing the support garments recommended be your doctor'; (Thigh Liposculpture). Does the fat come back? â€Å"Fat cells are not though to regenerate, and ... ...ressed because she saw other women with breast and cleavage she used to have. So she decided to go through reconstruction. The danger of silicon gel was circulating widely so she went to a doctor that reconstructs breast from a women’s own body fat (Nemeth, Mary).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reconstruction by using the woman’s own body fat is dangerous. First, the surgeon opens your abdomen and cuts through your muscles. They have to redirect your arteries and take the fat out. Then, the surgeon reconstructs their breast with the fat. As Carolyn Haltrecht said, â€Å"It took me the whole summer to admit to myself that I’m not very happy with the way I look and there’s nothing wrong with plastic surgery'; (Nemeth, Mary). According to Marcia Angell, â€Å"Polls indicated that the great majority of women with breast implants were pleased with the results'; (Angell, Marcia).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, There are many risks involved in plastic surgery. Although you look like you have always wanted to after plastic surgery, is it worth all the possible effects that could take place? Think hard before you make changes on your body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In short, you cannot meet the future if you look like the past'; (Neimark, Jill).

Burden Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Streptococcus pneumoniae claims 1 million child deceases every twelvemonth worldwide ( 1 ) . Approximately 90 % of deceases occur in developing states. For every 1 kid that dies of pneumonia in a developed state, more than 2000 kids dice of pneumonia in developing states ( 2 ) . The SAARC states overall are in the zone with high incidence of pneumococcal disease ( 1 ) but no survey has attempted to happen out the same. The child mortality rates ( & lt ; 5 ) are high in the part ; runing from 17/1000 for Srilanka to 149/1000 for Afghanistan. Pneumonia claims 11 % of U5 child deceases in India, Maldives, Bangladesh and Pakistan ; 23 % of U5 child deceases in Afghanistan and 19 % in Bhutan with lowest in Srilanka 6 % . ( 3 ) . Pneumonia is the taking cause of U5 decease in Pakistan ( 4 ) but merely 50 % receive antibiotic intervention ( 5 ) . The Million Death Study reported that pneumonia accounted for 27AÂ ·6 % deceases out of entire 12260 deceases in kids from 1-59 months ( 6 ) . S. pneumoniae is one of the major causes of fatal pneumonias in kids ( 7 ) . Besides pneumonia S.pn is besides known to do meningitis which is another fatal status for kids. Many more diseases are to the name of S.pn like ague otitis media, joint gushs and bacteraemia etc. Estimates of pneumococcal disease load are needed so as to use the resources for kid endurance. In Bangladesh, the theoretical account predicts a pneumococcal disease incidence of 3351 instances per 100,000 kids younger than 5 old ages. A population-based, active-surveillance, active-case sensing survey measured an invasive pneumococcal disease rate of 447 instances per 100,000 kids younger than 5 old ages ( 8 ) . Unfortunately the grounds for appraisal of pneumococcal disease in low/middle income states is less. The load of pneumococcal disease is highest in kids and the aged population in both more and less developed states. The intervention of pneumococcal infections is complicated by the world-wide outgrowth of opposition to penicillin and other antibiotics ( 9 ) . The pneumococcal conjugate vaccinums are helpful but the effectivity of these vaccinums is dependent upon the pneumococcal disease load and serotype coverage of the vaccinum. ( 10 )Aim:The primary aims of this systematic reappraisal are To cognize the load of invasive pneumococcal disease. To find the demand for debut of pneumococcal conjugate vaccinum in the immunisation agenda.Methods:We performed a systematic hunt of the published literature and besides tried to get information about the unpublished literature from assorted research workers of the part.Beginnings of Datas:The hunts were current as of January 2013 and we identified articles with information on pneumococcal invasive disease among kids & lt ; 5 old ages of age. We searched 3 Databases: Pubmed, Embase and The Cochrane library. The mention lists of the obtained articles were farther searched for surveies. Non English articles were non included. The hunt inside informations are given in the appendix I. Searching were done by 2 writers ( NJ, HK ) . HK helped in obtaining full text articles.Definitions Used:SAARC states: South Asian Association for Regional Co-Operation includes Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Srilanka and Maldives. Burden of pneumococcal disease: We have defined load of pneumococcal disease as the figure of positive pneumococcal isolates from the suspected population.Pneumonia:Symptoms: cough or hard external respiration, and marks: external respiration & gt ; 50 breaths per minute for infant aged two months to less than one twelvemonth, take a breathing & gt ; 40 per minute for kid aged one to five old ages, and no thorax indrawing, stridor or danger marks. ( 11 )Severe pneumonia:Symptoms: cough or hard eupneic plus any general danger mark or chest indrawing or stridor in a unagitated kid. General danger marks for kids aged two months to five old ages: unable to imbibe or suckle ; pukes everything ; paroxysms ; lethargy or unconscious ( 11 ) . Clinical diagnosing of meningitis is more straightforward than that of pneumonia. The definition of pneumonia is based on the incorporate direction of childhood infections ( IMCI ) attack, which includes other ague lower respiratory tract infections and deficiencies specificity. In add-on, aetiologic diagnosing of bacterial pathogens is easier in CSF than in blood.Meningitis: ( 11 )Suspected: Any individual with sudden oncoming of febrility ( & gt ; 38.5 AÂ °C rectal or & gt ; 38.0 AÂ °C axillary ) and one of the undermentioned marks: cervix stiffness, altered consciousness or other meningeal mark. Probable: A suspected instance with cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF ) scrutiny demoing at least one of the followers: cloudy visual aspect ; leucocytosis ( & gt ; 100 cells/mm3 ) ; leucocytosis ( 10-100 cells/ mm3 ) AND either an elevated protein ( & gt ; 100 mg/dl ) or decreased glucose ( & lt ; 40 mg/dl ) . Confirmed: A instance that is laboratory-confirmed by turning ( i.e. culturing ) or placing ( i.e. by Gram discoloration or antigen sensing methods ) a bacterial pathogen ( Hib, Diplococcus pneumoniae or meningococcus ) in the CSF or from the blood, in a kid with a clinical syndrome consistent with bacterial meningitis ( WHO, 2003 ) . Non Pneumonia Non Meningitis: All infections other than pneumonia and meningitis have been categorized under this header. Invasive Pneumococcal disease: When Diplococcus pneumoniae has been identified from one of the otherwise unfertile sites of the organic structure like blood, CSF, pleural fluid etc either by civilization or by LAT/PCR or other technique. The surveies where the defined instances have some other parametric quantities or if there were some other standards no effort was made to standardise them.Inclusion standards:Surveies ; prospective/retrospective ; with kids & lt ; 5years of age as /or portion of the studied population. Surveies done in infirmary or community scene. Surveies with possible informations available on S.pneumoniae isolated from kids & lt ; 5 old ages of age. Surveies with at least 12 months of surveillance were included in order to get the better of the seasonal nature of pneumococcal diseases. Surveies conducted in SAARC states. The inclusion was decided by 2 writers ( NJ, KK ) and choice appraisal was done by 2 writers ( NJ, KK ) . Discrepancies, if any, were resolved by treatment with 3rd writer ( MS ) and the finding of fact was considered concluding. If the exact information was non available we have contacted the writers and tried to decide the disagreements The surveies which have commented merely on pneumococcal serotypes & A ; /or antibiotic opposition have been excluded from pooled analysis. We excluded instance studies, columns, vaccinum surveies, literature reappraisals and the surveies in which nasopharyngeal aspirates, pharynx swabs or oropharyngeal swabs were the lone samples to find the causative being.Data aggregation and direction:Three writers ( BE ; AK, SS ) abstracted informations individually from the included surveies in a predesigned tabular array that included survey design, puting, no. of suspected instances, no. civilization samples taken & amp ; positive civilizations obtained, and no. positive civilizations for Diplococcus pneumoniae. The information from Hospital based surveies and population based surveies were abstracted individually. To decide the disagreements sing the abstracted informations treatment with the other referees were done and consensus was reached. Sing some losing informations the writers were contacted and if the disagreements were non resolved they were non taken up for pooled analysis. The community based surveies available merely give information about pneumococcal pneumonia instances in the community.Datas analysis:Data analysis was done utilizing CMA V2 by 4 writers ( NJ, MS, KK, and AA ) . The similar surveies were pooled together. Sub group analysis for finding the IPD load in India was done and besides sub-group analysis for finding IPD in kids & lt ; 5 old ages was done. The community based surveies, infirmary based prospective and retrospective surveies have besides been analyzed individually.Consequences:Datas reviewed:We found 700 published articles through electronics and manual searching. After rubric and abstract testing 40 full text articles were retrieved and 21 surveies ( 8, 12-31 ) were included for the reappraisal and 19 were excluded ( 32-50 ) ( fig 1 ) Community based surveies were non available from Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan & A ; Srilanka. Because the life conditions are about same and there is besides geographic similarity we have considered the surveies from Bangladesh and Pakistan as representative of the SAARC states. Similarly there were no infirmary based surveies from Afghanistan and Bhutan so we have taken the surveies from remainder of the states and generalized them for these states. We have included a sum of 21 surveies for this systematic reappraisal & A ; mentioned in tabular array I. The inclusion was decided by 3 writers ( MS, NJ, KK ) and quality marking was done by 3 writers ( MS, NJ, KK ) . The surveies with mark of 6 or more were considered to be good quality grounds.Hospital Based Prospective Surveies:SAARC states:We identified 15 infirmary based prospective surveies ( 12-19, 22, 24-27, 29, 31 ) from assorted SAARC states and analyzed them for finding the invasive pneumococcal disease load in kids populating in these states and besides did a subgroup analysis for kids less than 5 old ages of age. These surveies show that 3.5 % ( 95 % CI 1.9-6.4 ) of kids admitted to infirmaries with diagnosing of invasive diseases like terrible pneumonia or meningitis or sepsis are due to S. pn ( fig 3 ) . Eight surveies ( 13, 15, 16, 18, 24-27 ) show that 1.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.6-3.4 ) of kids admitted as terrible pneumonia have S. pn as the causative being ( Fig 5 ) . Ten surveies ( 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29 ) of the included surveies show that 7.6 % ( 95 % CI 4.1-13.7 ) of kids with likely or confirmed meningitis have S.pn as a causative being ( fig 7 ) . S.pn is one of the major bacteriums doing 20 % ( 95 % CI 12.9-29.9 ) of invasive bacterial diseases ( fig 4 ) . 11 % ( 95 % CI 6.5-17.9 ) of terrible bacterial pneumonia are caused by S.pn ( fig 6 ) . S.pn has been an aetiologic agent in 33.1 % ( 95 % CI 23.1-44.8 ) instances of bacterial meningitis ( fig 8 ) .Children less than 5 old ages of age:Out of the 15 surveies merely 11 surveies ( 13, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24-27, 29, 31 ) have clear information on invasive pneumococcal disease in kids less 5 old ages of age. The surveies show that S.pn causes 2.7 % ( 95 % CI 1.1-6.2 ) hospitalizations due to all invasive disease ; in kids & lt ; 5 old ages of age ( fig 9 ) . Merely 7 surveies ( 13, 15, 18, 24-27 ) had clear information on pneumococcal pneumonia in kids & lt ; 5 old ages of age and showed that 1.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.5-4.3 ) of terrible pneumonias are due to S.pn ( fig 11 ) . Similarly 6 surveies ( 17, 22, 24, 26, 29 ) showed that S.pn is the being responsible for 7.1 % ( 95 % CI 2.6-17.5 ) meningitis instances in the age group ( fig 13 ) . S.pn remains the major bacterial cause of all invasive diseases in kids U5 old ages of age doing 19.2 % ( 95 % CI 11.5-30.3 ) of invasive bacterial diseases ( fig 10 ) . 10.8 % ( 95 % CI 6.4-17.6 ) terrible bacterial pneumonias are due to S.pn ( fig 12 ) and 35.1 % ( 95 % CI 22.1-50.8 ) of pyogenic meningitis is due to S.pn. ( fig 14 ) .Bharat:We found 9 surveies from India ( 12-19, 22 ) which showed that S.pn causes 7.9 % ( 95 % CI 3.8-15.7 ) of invasive diseases in kids ( fig 15 ) . S.pn has been an aetiologic agent in 3.9 % ( 95 % CI 1.2-11.7 ) kids with terrible pneumonia ( fig 17 ) and is besides a major bacterial cause of pneumonia in kids doing 14 % ( 95 % CI 5.8-30.1 ) of bacterial pneumonias ( fig 18 ) . S.pn has been a causative agent in 10.4 % ( 95 % CI 5.8-18.1 ) of kids with meningitis ( fig 19 ) and once more a major bacterial cause of pyogenic meningitis ( fig 20 ) . The hospital prevalence of S.pn in Indian kids is more than that of all other SAARC states.Children les s than 5 old ages of age:Five surveies ( 13, 15, 17, 18, 22 ) gave clear information on pneumococcal diseases in kids under 5 twelvemonth of age in India. The image does non alter in this age group of Indian kids where S.pn is prevailing in 8.2 % ( 95 % CI 4.1-16.6 ) of all hospitalized kids with suspected invasive bacterial disease ( fig 21 ) and S.pn becomes a major bacterial cause of invasive bacterial diseases with 21.2 % ( 95 % CI 9.4-41.0 ) of all invasive bacterial diseases are due to S.pn ( fig22 ) . 5.4 % ( 95 % CI 2-14.1 ) of terrible pneumonias in infirmary wards are due to S. pn ( fig 23 ) & A ; 16.5 % ( 95 % CI 12.8-16.2 ) meningitis in kids less than 5 old ages describing to infirmaries are due to pneumococcus. In 13.6 % ( 95 % CI 5.5-29.8 ) of all bacterial pneumonia ( fig 24 ) & A ; 39.3 % ( 95 % CI 27.5-52.6 ) of pyogenic meningitis ( fig 26 ) S.pn has been isolated and is a major cause of these diseases in India.Hospital Based Retrospective Surveies:Two infirmary b ased retrospective surveies ( 21, 28 ) from India were included in this reappraisal. The pooling of these surveies together showed that 15.5 % ( 95 % CI 0.5-88 ) of invasive pneumococcal disease instances amongst the entire admitted patients with invasive bacterial diseases ( Fig 27 ) . The assurance intervals for this group are broad because one survey ( 21 ) which is merely on bacterial meningitis and has a little sample size with comparatively more proportion of pneumococcal isolates.Population Based Surveies:Four surveies ( 8, 20, 23, 30 ) from the SAARC states were included in the reappraisal. These surveies are from Pakistan and Bangladesh. These surveies merely discuss the kids under 5 old ages of age. These surveies show that approximately 13.4 % ( 95 % CI 6.7-25 ) of all invasive bacterial diseases in community are due to S. pn ( fig 29 )Inference of all the analysis:The consequence from the population based surveies ( 13.4 % ) is comparable to that from the infirmary based prospective surveies ( 19 % ) and besides to those obtained from retrospective surveies ( 15.5 % ) . The pneumococcal disease prevalence in SAARC states varies between 13 % – 19 % of all invasive bacterial diseases.Discussion:Our findings show that S. pn is prevailing in 19 % of all hospitalizations in kids of SAARC states and is hence one of the major cause of concern every bit far as child wellness is concerned. Pooling the Indian surveies we found that pneumococcal diseases are 25 % of all invasive bacterial diseases in kids of India. These figures might be an underestimation of the current state of affairs as the surveies discuss merely hospitalized instances, the milder signifiers may travel unreported. S.pn is a major bacterial cause for terrible pneumonia and besides for pyogenic meningitis in kids of this part. The community based surveies besides show that in 13 % of bacterial instances were due to S.pn but once more these surveies besides discussed the terrible dis eases merely and did non describe the milder signifiers. The consequences of our reappraisal are comparable to other reappraisals ( 1 ) which showed high prevalence of pneumococcal diseases in India. The consequences of community based surveies show that __ % of all bacterial invasive diseases in community are due to pneumococcus which is comparable to the consequence from the infirmary based prospective surveies. An unpublished information from one site of a multicentric test ( ISPOT survey ) from India showed that approx 38 % of kids with terrible pneumonia ( Radiologically confirmed ) had S. pn isolated from the nasopharyngeal aspirates or pharynx swabs. The survey besides showed that unwritten Amoxil administered at place was effectual in handling terrible pneumonia. The No Shots survey from Pakistan ( 51 ) concluded that place intervention with high dose unwritten Amoxil in instances of terrible pneumonia is tantamount to WHO recommendations of hospitalizations and i/v antibiotics. Similarly in another survey from Pakistan showed that local wellness workers were able to handle terrible pneumonia instances at place with high dosage Amoxil ( 52 ) . Survey from Bangladesh ( 53 ) reports the rhinal passenger car rate of 47 % and besides reports the early colonisation in rural population. The survey besides reports that 69 % of invasive strains were immune to cotrimoxazole. The ANSORP survey reported 41 % non-susceptible strains to penincillin in Srilanka and approximately 4 % in India ( 54 ) . The IBIS survey ( 16 ) reported 60 % opposition to chloramphenicol, Principen, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or Erythrocin ; with 32 % isolates resistant to more than 3 antimicrobic drugs. Kunango et Al ( 55 ) reported that out of 150 clinical isolates from invasive pneumococcal infections, merely 11 ( 7.3 % ) isolates were comparatively immune to penicillin, although 64 were immune to one or more antibiotics particularly cotrimoxazole, Achromycin and Chloromycetin. In the ISCAP test ( 56 ) the opposition form of S. pneumoniae to assorted antibiotics was: cotrimoxazole 66.3 % , chloramphenicol 9.0 % , oxacillin 15.9 % and erythromycin 2.8 % .So the antibiotic opposition becomes another menace. In India, the most common serogroups colonising the nasopharynx of kids are 6, 14, 19, and 15 ( 38, 57 ) . IBIS survey ( 16 ) studies serotype 1,6 and 19 to be the most common serotypes isolated from either blood or CSF samples of the kids with invasive disease. Rijal et Al ( 49 ) found that serotypes 1,5 & A ; 4 were most normally isolated from the patients of IPD and besides reported that 52 % of isolates were immune to cotrimoxazole.Decision:The systematic reappraisal concludes that S. pneumoniae is a major bacterial cause of invasive bacterial diseases in kids of SAARC states. The outgrowth of immune strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae are indicating towards the demand for revisiting the intervention recommendations and besides do a call for explicating preventative steps to decrease the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal diseases. The usage of antibiotic which is less immune and easy to administrate should be considered. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccinum, after cognizing the preval ent serotypes and there coverage, should be considered by the policy shapers. Conflict of Interests: None stated Role of the Funding Agency: The reappraisal was supported and funded by ICMR, New Delhi. The support bureau did non interfere with the reappraisal procedure or the consequences. Recognitions: We would wish to thank Dr. Samir K Saha ( ICDDR, Bangladesh ) , Dr. Z.A. Bhutta & A ; Dr S.Q. Nizami ( AKU, Karachi, Pakistan ) for supplying us with their publications on pneumonia ; we would besides wish to thank Dr. Kay Dickerson of John Hopkins University U.S. for assisting us with the statistical methods.

Adventure Trek A Partnership Of Three Persons Tourism Essay Example

Adventure Trek A Partnership Of Three Persons Tourism Essay Example Adventure Trek A Partnership Of Three Persons Tourism Essay Adventure Trek A Partnership Of Three Persons Tourism Essay Adventure Trek a partnership of three individuals, will be a young person summer cantonment in Malaysia. The cantonment is designed entirely for kids and teens between the ages of 10 and 17 old ages old. The focal point is merely be on holding merriment but besides on assisting childs to larn about the importances of populating a healthy active life style every bit good as aid in the development of kids and teens by supplying an environmentally friendly environment in which the kids can farther develop their outdoor accomplishments. Adventure Trek is non your traditional weight loss cantonment because it combines the attempts to acquire immature people active together with fun developmental activities to promote childs to appreciate the value of acquiring back to the out-of-doorss for merriment. It is surprisingly fun yet effectual. The cantonment will be located on the West side of Malaysia in a town called Port Dickson which boasts 18km s of white flaxen beach. At the cantonment childs can bask a broad assortment of interesting activities from out-of-doorss to indoors for illustration snorkelling, stone mounting, obstruction class, jungle trekking, swimming/ H2O athleticss, gym, dance categories ( These will be farther discussed in 2.3 ) . Each kid is given the chance to seek out new, merriment and adventuresome activities which will assist them accomplish the end of acquiring physically active and cultivating engagement of squad edifice. The operating hours and yearss of the cantonment will be all twelvemonth unit of ammunition except the month of Ramadan in August and September. During this clip it will be the camp staff s vacation and the cantonment will be closed for an one-year deferral. In Malaya it is slightly different when it comes to school vacations as there are no long summer vacation for the public schools. There are a sum of 78 yearss vacation throughout the twelvemonth ( Ministry of instruction, 2010 ) The cantonment evidences will include installations such as a immense athleticss field suiting assorted activities, a 25m swimming pool and an outside paintball sphere. A monolithic diversion hall will be the common country, which will house the kitchen and eating country, staff offices including the ill bay, public country lavatories every bit good as a phase country for activities such as dance categories or executing humanistic disciplines. A mounting wall, obstruction class, and a tree swing can besides be found on the cantonment evidences. The Camp will besides be run in an environmentally sound and responsible mode ( Further information is found in 2.2 product/ services ) . Rationale for development of the concern Malayan society has changed alot over the past few decennaries every bit good as Malaysia is besides going more urbanized which necessarily brings about assorted signifiers of population alterations. Such alterations are besides related to the alterations in the Malaysians wellness. One noticeable alteration is in the diet of the Malaysian population which has become more and more like that of Westerners which has resulted in higher rates of overweight/ fleshiness which contributes to the many diseases ( bosom A ; circulative disease, diabetes etc. ) which they suffer from ( Lit, 2010 ) . When reading the newspapers there are now more articles on overweight/ fleshiness and the increasing wellness tendencies to assist contend this issue. A recent statement made by the Health Minister Datuk Seri Liow Tiong Lai said that fleshiness is going the major wellness issue with the figure of corpulent people about trebling in the past 15 old ages from four per cent in 1996 to 14 per cent in 2010 ( Simon, 2010 ) . This includes childhood fleshiness which is already an epidemic in Malaysia, with a study ( after a big graduated table survey was conducted in 2000 ) of 11 % of kids between the ages of six and twelve were fleshy and 6 % were corpulent ( Chin, 2007 ) . It is no secret that Malaysia is good known for its broad assortment of nutrients and the fact that Malaysians love their nutrient ; nevertheless unhealthy picks are frequently made due to clip restraints or convenience. Children are exposed to fast nutrients and influenced by their seniors eating wonts, alternatively of proper place cooked alimentary repasts they are given a diet of unhealthy and high degrees of proteins, fat, sugar and salt every bit good as they are non encouraged to make regular exercising ( Lit, 2010 ) The Governments engagement in advancing a healthy life style to Malaysians could be an advantage to this concern because it could ship on the promotional run or be a signifier of support to the Government. Therefore from the above research it is apparent that such an constitution will assist contend the lifting conflict against child fleshiness in Malaysia and contribute to the universe broad thrust against it. This young person cantonment will be both educational and good to assisting cut down the hazard of fleshiness through physical activity and sound nutrition every bit good as conveying something new to Malaysians. Product/ Service Description Adventure Trek will be able to suit 100 campers ab initio nevertheless this figure will turn as the cantonment does, the same goes for the figure of activities as clip goes on the cantonment will go on to spread out and add more and more activities. First the cantonment is for childs and teens between the ages of 8 and 17 old ages old, due to the noticeable fleshiness addition in kids and teens between these ages ( Ismail A ; Vickneswary, 1999 ; Ismail A ; Tan, 1998 cited in Sidik A ; Ahmad, 2004, pg 2 ) . The cantonment will run during all the school vacations for a longer stay and so weekends it will suit those who are interested in shorter corsets. When it is non holiday season, the cantonment will still be unfastened and schools will be invited to fall in in the merriment as portion of their school Tourss, this will busy the hebdomad yearss or weekends. As antecedently mentioned the cantonment is closed during the Ramadan fasting month which takes topographic point during the month of August to September each twelvemonth. The adjustment at Adventure Trek will be long houses for campers ; these are Malayan traditional houses which will be divided for misss and male childs individually, and including the bathrooms. The houses will hold electric mercantile establishments, storage infinite every bit good as bunk beds for kiping which assistance in maximizing the usage of infinite, nevertheless kids are to convey their ain bedclothes and towels. Each long house will suit up to a upper limit of 25 campers every bit good as infinite for one counselor to oversee at dark. Meals at the cantonment will be good balanced and alimentary and the bill of fare will be designed by a qualified dietician who is employed on a portion clip footing to revise bill of fare programs and look into on readyings. The cantonment accommodates specific dietetic demands every bit good as vegetarians and all repasts will be Halaal ( Refer to Appendix XX for a sample bill of fare ) At Adventure Trek there is no clip for ennui because there are a figure of activities of all sorts to maintain campers happy and active. First the land activities will include the undermentioned. An obstruction class which includes a mounting wall, this activity is a great manner of acquiring campers active and develops squad work and spirit. Campers, depending on the size, will be grouped with a counselor and each group will vie against each other. Jungle trekking another good signifier of physical activity which besides gets campers involved in nature and appreciate their milieus. There is besides a gym for campers to utilize and during the stay, little groups will be assigned a specific clip to travel in and utilize the gym for 20 30 proceedingss. Whilst one group is at gym the others will fall in in the dance classes or take portion in field games like association football or rugger. During the vacation periods when campers will normally remain for longer periods and if possible the cantonment will seek invite guest talkers to give a short but motivational and educational addresss to the campers and hopefully this AIDSs in advancing healthier lifestyles.. The immense pool is non merely for chilling off but games like H2O Polo can be played. The beach activities will include, cricket, fusillade ball, sand palace competitions. Sea athleticss such as organic structure surfing or boogie embarkation, swimming or snorkelling will be enjoyed by campers when traveling to the beach. Night activities will be kept to a minimum as the yearss are long and filled with really physically active activities therefore campers need their remainder at dark. However there will be some activities at dark such as a cantonment fire dark or BBQ portion darks, hoarded wealth and scavenger Hunts, play skits where groups are assigned a subject and they need to execute a drama based on that subject. These activities are more focussed on squad work and let campers to acquire to cognize each other better and mingle. There is a good mix of land, H2O and escapade activities for all campers to bask and profit from every twenty-four hours all twenty-four hours. Campers are divided into groups upon reaching and assigned two cantonment counselors ( male A ; Female ) who are with them from their reaching to their going, they portion take in activities and slumber in the several cabin to oversee campers. ( Refer to appendix XXX for a typical twenty-four hours at Adventure Trek for campers ) Designation of Market Niche The mark markets for the cantonment are kids and teens from the ages of 8-17.This is because there has been a noticeable fleshiness addition in kids between the ages of 7-10 and 13-17 old ages old and great focal point has been place on turn toing the issue of child fleshiness ( Ismail A ; Vickneswary, 1999 ; Ismail A ; Tan, 1998 cited in Sidik A ; Ahmad, 2004, pg 2 ) . The cantonment will be located on the West of Malaysia in Port Dickson but unfastened to the whole of Malaysia every bit good as neighboring states, aiming largely those urban and suburban countries. By looking at the age construction of the population in Appendix XXX statistics, we know that the bulk of population is between 15 to 64 old ages and there is a good per centum of 15 old ages and below ( to supply ages 10-15years old ) . Thus my cantonment will aim the ages 8 until 17 old ages old as it is a young person cantonment with the purpose to assist cut down kid and adolescent fleshiness. The cantonment will a im those kids and teens of center to upper category households who have more of a disbursement power including that of exiles shacking in Malaysia who have kids and teens and it is normally those kids from the urban countries who are exposed to such bad eating wonts ( Lit, 2010 ) . Mission Statement At Adventure Camp the mission is to supply a merriment, safe and adventuresome environment for campers to acquire physically active every bit good as better on ego development. It is besides our mission to be known as the best young person cantonment in Asia. This will be made possible with the friendly, enthusiastic and difficult working staff employed, every bit good as the greatly designed day-to-day activity agendas. The tag line for Adventure Camp will be: Where the escapade begins and the merriment neer stops! Market Environment Environmental Scan It is of import to make an environmental scan in order to place all the factors that might impact the constitution of Adventure Trek as they will convey about either chances or menaces. The usage of PESTEL is the most common tool for measuring the macro environment ( Johnson et al. , 2008 ) . ( Refer to appendices XXX for farther inside informations ) SWOT Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: First there is no other cantonment like this in Malaysia and so it has the strength that it has no direct competition. There is a clear market niche and based on the demographics the figure of kids aged 15years and below make up 27.2 % of the population and there is a good birth rate in Malaysia ( index mundi, 2010 and Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010 ) . Partnership which includes one proprietor with a Degree in Hospitality Industry Management, has knowledge in Events and PR industry every bit good as a Certified TESOL English Language Teacher, other two proprietors have concern accomplishments and old ages of working experience. Equally good as a partnership allows for a easier set up every bit good as it increases the sum of capital and spreads the work burden. Failings: The cost to put up the cantonment is high. Environmentalism and its restraints. Opportunities: Health related field has a possible due to the societal economic alterations in Malaysia.Today s people are going more wellness witting therefore a turning wellness sector. Will raise the consciousness of fleshiness and hopefully derive the Governments support. Recovery in the economic system. Low cost of local labor and unemployment rate at 5 % Partnership allows for enlargement and the figure of spouses are limitless. Menaces: First clip concern proprietor ( myself Bronwyn ) therefore a deficiency of concern accomplishments or experience. Children over the age of 16 may desire to travel to a gym instead than go to a fat loss cantonment and the ignorance of people believing that fleshiness is non a critical issue or parents experiencing ashamed that their kids are corpulent therefore non directing them to the cantonment. Adventure touristry, Theme or H2O Parkss pose as competition. Turning fast-food industry, which influence and encourages kids to eat unhealthily. The states GDP growing and the planetary menace of recession. Marketing Aims Adventure Trek aims to accomplish a interruption even net income within XX old ages. Aim to hold XXX campers in the first twelvemonth. 75 % of Campers should be satisfied with their cantonment experience and at least 40 % will return. Increase the consciousness of fleshiness amongst kids and teens by 80 % in one twelvemonth. Be one of the top three picks amongst kids and teens for physical activity besides school and extracurricular activities. Marketing Mix Strategy The generic scheme to be used for the cantonment is a distinction scheme without monetary value premium, which provides merchandises or services that offer benefits different from rivals and are widely valued by purchasers ( Johnson et al. , 2008 pg 225 A ; 229 ) . Merchandise Adventure Trek is a young person cantonment which caters to kids from 10-17 year old, with a figure of physical outdoor and indoor activities. Its characteristics include stay over s for campers supplying comfy adjustment, bathrooms, alimentary repasts and many merriment and physical activities. The advantage is that it is a convenient manner for childs to acquire physically active every bit good as assist them to larn to populate a healthier lifestyle all in one topographic point. It enables them to do new friends and larn how to farther develop themselves and larn how to take portion in squad edifice activities. The benefit of go toing this cantonment is that it is fun and effectual every bit good as a good bonding experience for kids that leaves them experiencing good all unit of ammunition and encourages a healthier life style and better interaction. This is non your regular childs cantonment or merriment park because it is a topographic point where kids non merely have fun but l arn how to develop themselves through the different challenging and educational activities which enable them to larn more about themselves, forcing their bounds and interacting together with many other kids from all walks of life, Therefore it is clear Adventure Camp sets itself apart from any possible rivals. Monetary value Not certain yet as financials are confounding me! Promotion Purposes: To do 50 % of the parents and their kids in and around Port Dickson aware of the cantonment Make each visit a memorable one. Educate and instil a healthier lifestyle determinations in kids and teens, promoting them to portion take in at least 1 physical activity per twenty-four hours. Encourage at least 25 % of campers to return. Communication Channelss: In order to accomplish the promotional aims the undermentioned mix of promotional tools will be used. ( Refer to 2.5 for the promotional tactics and programmes ) Advertising- Newspapers, Magazines, circulars. Website Place/ Distribution Adventure Trek will be located in Port Dickson, a big municipality with about 90 000 occupants which is situated an hr from Kuala Lumpur. It is a celebrated and beautiful tourer finish particularly for the environing metropoliss to get away to on weekends due to the 18km stretch of white flaxen beaches ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . This is the perfect location which is cardinal to the capital Kuala Lumpur where a big part of the targeted markets will come from every bit good as neighboring are Malacca and Penang, and so it is easy for kids to go to the cantonment whether it be for holidaies or weekends. Port Dickson besides provides a save and clean beach for some of the activities offered at Adventure Trek therefore doing it a desirable location. There are no distribution channels because Adventure Trek is a physical location where kids come to us to bask our services, nevertheless the web site will be available to do engagements and acquire an expression at what the cantonment has to offer . Peoples At Adventure Trek it is indispensable to hold the right people, with the right experience at the right topographic point and the right clip because without them the cantonment would non be successful. Camp counselors need to be enthusiastic, vivacious and surpassing with a acute involvement in physical activity both indoor and out-of-door including swimming. In order to obtain such a dynamic squad the Human Resource section demands to first set up the company s policies and processs in line with the missions statement. Items such as frock codifications, work environment, the civilization etc should be established. Then the organisations benefits construction and program should be created followed by placing the figure of staff needed. Once this figure is decided on, a enlisting program needs to be created every bit good as implemented and carried through to choice, merely so can an effectual preparation process take topographic point ( eHow, 2010 ) . ( More on the HRM can be found i n the subdivision 3.0 ) Procedure The service at Adventure Trek will be standardised. More information can be found in subdivision 4.4 and 4.5. Physical The cantonments physical environment: Decoration The focal point is non on how the environment looks more on the activities but to guarantee campers feel comfy in their milieus therefore the cantonments decor will be kept simple and the usage of bright happy colors on and in the chief edifice. The cabins will stay reliable with no pigment added to keep that existent log cabin feel. There will besides be alot of natural exuberant verdure around the cantonment adding coloring material to the cantonment. Furniture Furniture at the cantonment will besides be kept simple yet comfy. Inside the cabins wooden sand traps will be for the campers to kip on every bit good as some storage infinite for them to maintain their properties. The canteen country for feeding will be furnished with normal trestle tabular arraies with stackable chairs, this manner they can be multipurpose and moved about every bit good as easy to clean and keep. Positioning Statement Adventure Trek offers a alone service that is fun yet effectual and neer done earlier in Malaysia, targeted to kids and teens ages 10-17 old ages old that are non really active or have a weight job or merely childs looking to hold merriment. 2.5 Tacticss and Programs Given that Adventure Trek is a new concern the usage of a assortment of promotional and communicating tools would be the best option in order to accomplish the selling aims. Methods: Ad will be the chief promotional tool used on an on-going footing in order to inform, persuade and remind clients from the start and as clip base on ballss. First in order to present and inform the mark market about the constitution of the cantonment circulars will be printed and distributed a month before the gap of the cantonment. These circulars will include information such as what is Adventure Trek, the location, clip, and how to register every bit good as, mentioning those interested to the chief web site every bit good as a contact. These circulars will be sent to some of the schools in Port Dickson every bit good as distribute in shopping promenades in Port Dickson, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, and Penang on weekends during peak times. The circulars will besides be converted into postings which are larger and these will be sent to schools in Port Dickson, Malacca and Kuala Lumpur, aiming chiefly the international schools which are made up of a mix of Malayan including aliens. A 2nd batch of circulars will be made up one time the cantonment opens and these will once more be distributed in the assorted towns shopping promenades. A intelligence release will be in the paper prior to the gap, with periodical advertizements placed in the newspapers. ( See appendix XX for farther item on timing ) . A comprehensive web site will besides be up and running prior to opening and from so on available 365days a twelvemonth 24/7. We will besides advance our service to the Ministry of Health and hopefully they can hold infirmaries and specializers refer kids and teens to us who are enduring from weight/ fleshiness related jobs. Selling Budget The entire selling budget is estimated at RM xxxx per twelvemonth. ( Refer to appendices xxx for a full interruption down ) Management Plan Business Structure Adventure Trek will be a partnership which is when two or more persons join together and make up ones mind to unite capital and work. The spouses are all joint proprietors of the concern and therefore portion the net incomes every bit good as hazards ( inverstorwords, 2010 ) . In the instance of Adventure Trek there will be three spouses every bit joined to get downing up and running the concern. This will assist with distributing non merely the hazard but every bit good as the work burden and increase the sum of capital invested. Management Structure, Function and Rational Initially the squad at Adventure Trek will be little nevertheless a diverse clump who are capable of executing multiple undertakings. For a full account of the administration including a chart please refer to Appendices XXX. Forces and Remuneration Policies As described in subdivision 2.4 under people, Adventure Trek will hold a policy and processs manual for all staff members that will clearly sketch the companies civilization, the work environment, the hours of work, frock codification, benefits, regulations and ordinances. Adventure Trek is a merriment and adventuresome environment which incorporates a multicultural work force from all walks of life. The on the job hours are long nevertheless it is a honoring occupation for those who are truly committed to their function. The employment process at Adventure Trek begins with placing the staff needs at the cantonment. Once these are determined a recruitment process will take topographic point get downing with occupation posters in newspapers and on the web site every bit good as headhunting. Once an equal figure of appliers are received the questioning procedure can take topographic point which is carried out by the three directors followed by the choice procedure. Campaigners need to run into the making specified in the occupation stations. After the choice procedure counselors will undergo a four twenty-four hours intensive preparation class which will fit them with the necessary accomplishments to execute good at the cantonment. Staff are continuously monitored and assessed each twelvemonth on their public presentation. Sing the benefits for employees, Adventure Trek has fixed monthly wages for staff members. They besides receive benefits such as repasts provided ; counselors are provided adjustment whilst on responsibility. ( Refer to appendix XX for a dislocation of wages ) . Creditor A ; debitor policies with clear principle Operationss Plan Location Adventure Trek will be located in Port Dickson a beautiful attractive force merely outside of Kuala Lumpur. It has an 18km stretch of white sandy beach which makes it the ideal topographic point for the cantonment ( mention to Appendix XX for the location Map and land ) . The lease is estimated at RM15, 000 per month for a 2.5 acre piece of land located on the beach. The land is located on Jalan Pantai, Mukim Pasir Panjang, Negeri Sembilan. Equipment Needed Adventure Trek has a high initial start up cost and equipment costs. The entire cost of equipment for the full cantonment is estimated at RM80,000 and the building costs at RM220,000.For a complete list of equipments and building costs please mention to appendix Thirty Standard Operational Procedures Key point of services for phone calls or walk in s: The phone should merely pealing a upper limit of three times before being answered and walk in clients should be attended to instantly before being ask to take a place. Customers are to be asked how they can be helped. Over the phone employees are to stay unagitated and gracious. If its face to face they should keep oculus contact and smiling at the clients every bit good as remain unagitated and gracious. Ensure that the clients questions are answered or a valid answer is given. The name, telephone and electronic mail reference is to be taken down of all calls and walk in clients. Employee should ever stop the conversation with thank you, adieus and bask your twenty-four hours Immediately take attention of any questions or affairs after the client has left. Selling method and hard currency up process Adventure Trek will accept hard currency, checks every bit good as recognition cards for all minutess. And the appointive secretaries or the directors will manage the banking processs weekly in order to maintain a good record of incoming gross revenues. No hard currency will be left on the cantonment after hours in order to cut down any hazards. Entree to website Adventure Treks web site is really of import as it is one of the promotional tools every bit good as a manner for clients to post questions and derive information about the cantonment. Thus the web site needs to be monitored daily by the directors every bit good as secretaries who need to look into for any new questions and respond to them within a upper limit of 48hours. Customers will besides be able to do reserves to go to the cantonment therefore it s of import that the secretaries closely monitor their electronic mails as to look out for any new reserves which they will be alerted by electronic mail. The web site is besides a good manner of detecting any feedback from campers and visitants to the web site. Reservations Reservations are strongly recommended to clients instead than walk Immigration and Naturalization Services as it may be let downing should they come without a reserve merely to larn the cantonment is to the full booked. Reservations are handled by the secretaries on responsibility. A signifier is to be filled up when a reserve is made, whether it is face to face over the phone or on the web site ( which will supply an electronic signifier to be filled up and submitted ) . It will besides function as the enrollment signifier for the camper, including all the necessary of import inside informations of both the camper and their defender. Ailments Should any ailments arise thy will instantly be attended to by either one of the directors. And action will be taken should the guilty party prevarication within Adventure Trek. Quality Assurance Procedures

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